The second treatise of government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The second treatise of government - Essay Example According to Machiavelli human nature should not be given full liberty. If this happens there is a creation of an ignorant population that may challenge the reign of the prince. In this case the prince represents the leader. The prince had the authority to use whichever form of leadership as long what is under his command remain controlled. In one of the most controversial inclusion in his book is the justification of use of violence in leadership. He justifies the use of force in controlling and eliminating political opposition and rivalry. The use of force coerces the resistant individuals and control strong men who have the ability of challenging the existing leadership. He also justified the use of violence when it came to introduction of power and implementing new laws and regulations. In his argument people responded more effectively to the use force than any other form of approach (Waldron, 45). It is from his negative political approach many public institutions and bodies cri ticized his pieces of literature. The Machiavellian approaches were termed as enemies of democracy and leadership as they promoted dictatorship and the use of crude ways of leadership. Humanists, activists and religious institutions disregarded the literature used by Machiavelli. Machiavelli’s views on security and corruption are also based on who is at power. The authority should provide people with security. However, the security should be offered when the people are opposing the leadership o f the land. Regardless of the conduct of the leader, the people should be respectful to the leadership of the land. There are numerous instances where Machiavelli disregarded the nature of human rights. The nature of human rights is based on the fact that leadership should be based on the view of the citizens. The general view of a leaders should be created by the nature of is environment. Additionally, the modes used in leadership should not be crude and undemocratic. Machiavelli†™s view is in deep contract with these views. In his view, a leader should not be changed by the nature of his environment but come up with changes that will suit his character (Waldron, 123). Even if the change is negative and unfair to the people, the leader should find other ways of implementing this change. According to Waldron human rights should be the most considered factor when coming up with policies of leadership (34). The author further argues that disregard of the nature of the Human rights what is created is not leadership for the people but leadership dictating the people. Dictatorship n itself is a negative aspect of the society. Leaders using this mode of leadership are enemies of liberty and democracy. The people should have a voice in which they give their responses to the kind of leadership they want. Machiavelli’s proposition of using violence is also a major hindrance to achieving liberal societies. His approaches were viewed as what human activists wer e against. However, looking at the literature by Machiavelli in another perspective brings out another scenario of his arguments. It is an obvious assumption that any leader should be able to control the people under his command. This means that regardless of what he does, the people should not surpass his authority. It is a human to create opposition and resistance. An effective leader should be

How do Australian magazine advertisements portray the feminine ideal Research Paper

How do Australian magazine advertisements portray the feminine ideal for teenagers - Research Paper Example communication and journalism had always been experiencing quite freely to figure out ways and means that can impart the messages effectively through the use and employment of various tools of the trade. In this connection, presentation of feminine characters is an important consideration because of the impact and effect a correct and purposeful use of the gender can generate. However, feminine characters are subjected to stereotypes that are more traditional. Maurie & Sharon have identified the same fact and states, â€Å"Magazine advertisements are also same in theme. Women primarily have decorative or sexy role in magazine ad portrayal.† (2008, p.212) Moreover, age is an important factor as far the acceptability of a trend is concerned. Literature and specially magazines and advertisements for teenagers can play a vital role in developing new trends while safeguarding cultural foundations of a society. This research will focus Australian Magazine advertisements to gauge the impact of feminine characterization on teenagers because these characters occupy the front pages and major advertisements and serve as ideals for many young peoples. The research will examine and investigate how the varied portrayal of models can generate and develop images, symbols and forms and how far these images can arouse the fetish thoughts and desire for teenagers in Australian society. The research will focus the presentation and portrayal of feminine in Australian magazines in general and particularly the Dolly and Girlfriend magazines. These presentations serve  as ideals for Australian girls who want to  establish  their identity through some unique, desirable and enviable attire, style and glamour.   The popularity and fame of these two magazines among teenagers have helped these... The paper tells that experts from the fields of communication and journalism had always been experiencing quite freely to figure out ways and means that can impart the messages effectively through the use and employment of various tools of the trade. In this connection, presentation of feminine characters is an important consideration because of the impact and effect a correct and purposeful use of the gender can generate. However, feminine characters are subjected to stereotypes that are more traditional. Maurie & Sharon have identified the same fact and states, â€Å"Magazine advertisements are also same in theme. Women primarily have decorative or sexy role in magazine ad portrayal.† Moreover, age is an important factor as far the acceptability of a trend is concerned. Literature and specially magazines and advertisements for teenagers can play a vital role in developing new trends while safeguarding cultural foundations of a society. The research will examine and investiga te how the varied portrayal of models can generate and develop images, symbols and forms and how far these images can arouse the fetish thoughts and desire for teenagers in Australian society. The research will focus the presentation and portrayal of feminine in Australian magazines in general and particularly the Dolly and Girlfriend magazines. These presentations serve as ideals for Australian girls who want to establish their identity through some unique, desirable and enviable attire, style and glamour. The popularity and fame of these two magazines among teenagers have helped these magazines to qualify for the research.

Accor The Fast Growing Hotel And Tourism Marketing Essay

Accor The Fast Growing Hotel And Tourism Marketing Essay Currenly Accor has hotel and service related business in nearly 90 countries with 4100 hotels where more than 500000 rooms has been built where customers being offered hotel stays to the specific needs of each business and leisure customer. ACCOR worldwid Hotel activities 4127 hotels and thalaso sites Sofitel-121 hotels Pullman- 46 hotels Novotel-395 hotels Mercue-699 hotels ibis-861 hotels All seasons-75 hotels Etap Hotel- 403 hotels Formula1- 351 hotels Motel6-1001 hotels studio6-59 hotels Hotel without brand-45 hotels Thalasa sea and Spa-16 centre Services for our companies and public institutions As a worlds best service provider ACCOR has been providing several flagship product, Ticket restaurant, Accor service designs, develops and manages services for more than 490000 corporate clients and public institutions. At least 33 million users and 1.2 million affiliated service providers of 40 countries are benifited by the ACCOR. Part-1 of the Assignment Basis of competitive advantages ACCOR has started its business with the opening of the first Novotel in Lille in 1967. Since their opening a pioneering spirit of conquest has driven ACCOR to achieve its goal. It is a great success for the ACCOR that they made this spirit of conquest shaped into groups culture. And this culture shaped by a constant concern for people and commitment to the highest performance standard. For more than 40 years, across all brands and regions, Accors five core values of innovation, a spirit of conquest, performance, trust and respect have been shared and expressed every day by its 150,000 employees. Managers leverage these values to provide support for team members as part of the Groups ongoing transformation and development. Innovation is trademark The spirit of conquest is growth engine Performance is the key to continued success Respect is basis of all relationships Strategic choice of ACCOR ACCOR business strategies are being reviwed and amended constantly according to customer demand and other circumstances such as govt policy, political stability etc. Bowmans Strategy Clock- (Referece analysis- www.scribd.com, title- Bowmans stretagic clock, making sense of eight competitive positions) IN new open markets, customers purchasing thier products from many number of companies, and customers have a tremendous amount of choice. So, its accor duty to find the competitive edge and meet customer needs to get competitive advantage over the rival competetors. ACCOR has made their business stretagy to diferenciate themselve from the others. ACCOR aims to fulfill customers demands according to customers need by perceiving added value. ACCOR value innovation hotel: Reference: www.maaw.info (Title- curve value, management and accounting web) Accors Formule 1 Hotels are based on a new concept where standard hotel features are eliminated (e.g., restaurants, lounges and receptionists except for peak check-in and check-out times). They use automated tellers instead of receptionist for customers to check-in and check-out. Their rooms are small and include a bed and only the bare necessities. The rooms are modular blocks that are economical to build and provide good sound insulation. This new concept cut the average cost of building a room by 50% and staff costs dropped from 25-35% of sales to 20-23%. The company captured a large percentage of the budget hotel business and expanded the market to people that would not otherwise have stayed in a hotel. The most successful companies were those that used value innovation in all the platforms where innovation can take place including product, service and delivery. Compaqs innovations in the computer server industry are used to illustrate the idea. To avoid what Kim and Mauborgne refer to as the trap of competing, Compaq focused on creating customer value, rather than what their competitors were doing. In 2006 ACCOR has launched a complete transformation of its strategic vision, redifing its borders and introducing new business models in both core business- hotels and services. With fewer owned hotels and a broad portfolio of complementary, attractive brands, Accor Hospitality has established itself as a provider of high value-added services and set ambitious development objectives for 2011. Accor Services is stepping up the technological shift that will reassert its global leadership in prepaid services. Despite the sudden, sharp slowdown in the world economy in 2008 and 2009, Accor is leveraging its new strategic vision to drive continued growth, expansion and innovation in both its businesses, backed by the dedication and professionalism of its employees. The six foundations of Accors strategy stepping up the transformation process a growth and innovation dynamic powerful, complementary, recognized brands unique skills to support the brands people, the companys most important asset growth that creates opportunities for everyone Stepping up the transformation process Reference- www.accor.com Intensifying the hotel property strategy In 2006 ACCOR has lauched a real estate strategy based on adepting hotel ownership structure on a case by case basis. Each hotels region, profitibility and market segment are taken into consederation under this strategy. 56% of hotels are now operated under management contracts, franchise agreements or variable-rent leases. Proactive response to structural changes in society- ACCOR hotels and services are able to anticipate and integrate new economic and social developments, creating an increasingly varied portfolio of paperless products and services. ACCOR strategy is to negotiate technological shift proactively delivered delivered via smart cards, the internet or the mobile phones. Powerful, Complementary, Recognized Brands: ACCOR has several types of hotels such as value innovation hotels with some key facilities Formule1 to five star Sofitel. They are being built new brands such as Pullman in the upscale market and all seasons in the non standardised economic segment. the repositioning of Sofitel in the luxury segment,. Unique Skills To Support The Brands: ACCOR strategy has been made on the basis of innovation and performance. Accor has developed experties and skills with professional innovative approach for the last 40 years. ACCOR innovative team is capable to deliver real value-added in hotel development, innovation and design, construction maintainance, management and finance, purchasing, training and Human resources, technological support, marketing and distribution. ACCOR has created a unique system with interconnection among the above mentioned unites. People, the companys most important asset: ACCOR Corporate culture has made a strong bridge among the team members in respect of their difference in their ages, cultural positions within the organization. Accor has always give attention to its employees with the help of hands on management style and a commitment to skills enhencement, training, recognition and job mobility. Growth That Creates Opportunities For Everyone: ACCOR is a fast growing hotel and service based company. Every year thousands of rooms is being made as part of their business expansion. So, hundrades of people are getting chance to work in ACCOR. ACCOR has been working for the local people to develop their skills as part of their social activities. Part-2 of the assignment Management Green Issues: ACCOR hotel group has topped the first Tomorrows Value Rating of Worlds ten largest hotel groups. The value rating assessment has been carried out by Two Tomorrows, the leading sustainability consultancy. According to the research ACCOR has designed a comprehensive approach to managing team who is facing sustainability challenges with highly professional and efficiency. http://www.twotomorrows.com/ Two Tomorrows, the leading sustainability consultant said the new rating targets to increase debate activities on sustainable business, not only that it aims to identify and reward best practices and spur health competition among the largest global important companies. The Tomorrows Value Rating results in the following hotel ranking- Rank1 Company Name 1 Accor Hotel Group 2 Intercontinental Hotels Group 3 Marriot 4 Global Hyatt 5 Choice 6 Carlson 7 Hilton 8 Wyndham 9 Starwood 10 Best Western Thomas Krick, Global Programme Manager of the Tomorrows Value Rating said Accor has explored some commendable solution to sustainability challanges. Their piloting innovative energy saving technologies and building, and working with communities to maximise local procurement, thereby ensuring that local benefits from its present. So, it has already recognised that Accor is getting huge competitive advantages from its environmental friendly activities. Managing green issues- Accor activities Though most of the big hotel groups have noted the environmental issues. But management approaches are very immature. Climate change, employment practices, community welfare, wast and sustainable buildings are the most recognise issues which has been taken into consideration by the Accor hotel groups. Though others hotel groups announced the same measures but the evidence of diligent management of the issues is really scarce. Accor activities to manage green issues has been explained below- Local development (www.accor.com) Accor has been working in different developing countries in order to fight poverty. Nearly 75% people around the world living below the poverty line those are depend on agricultural income. Accor strategy is capitalising on its purchasing volume, Accor supports local agricultural business and fair trade. Accor contributes locally to jobs and training. Achievements Through a partnership with the NGO PlaNet Finance in Morocco, Accor ensures a professional training for 100 disadvantaged youths and supports argan oil cooperatives.   Through a partnership with the NGO Agrisud , the Sofitel Royal Angkor in Cambodia has been buying its food products since 2004 from small local producers, while they receive training to develop their expertise and diversify their crops.   The F1, Etap Hotel, Ibis and Mercure and Sofitel hotels are offering fair trade products to their guests in more than 17 countries   mainly coffee, tea and chocolate. Fight against epidemics (www.accor.com) Accor has set up a project in all of its hotel to increase awarness and prevention effors to limit the spread of AIDS. According to accor.com there are 33 million people living with HIV virus and 90% of them are unaware of that. A number of training and awarness programmes has been conducted by the Accor hotel authority to increase awarness among the both staff and guests about epidemic of AIDS and meleria. Accor is actively trying to increase awarness about the meleria problem in Africa with the holp of their 13500 staffs. Demographic evolution, climate change and travel increase make it easier for new diseases to appear and spread. Thus, the Accor group decided to significantly bolster its involvement in the prevention of all emerging diseases. Food www.accor.com Accor is mobilising its restaurants to promote good habits among the public. Because chronic deseases such as cancer, diabetes, etc are the main resons of death in the world. Accor is working with nutritionist to comply all ballanced diet on their food menue. ECO priorities ECO Action: United Kingdom: The Etap Hotel Birmingham has been recovering rain water since 2006, which saves 780m3 of water every year. (78k) Energy www.accor.com Several measures has been taken by the ACCOR to reduce enery consumptions which put them as a eco friendly hotels group. Their action has given them huge competive advantage on rival hotels groups such as intercontinental Hotel Group. According to ACCOR hotels web site 100% of the ACCOR owned hotel are equiped with energy-efficient lamps before 2009. 80% of the subsidiary hotels are equiped at the same time. Solar panels has been installed over the entire network in 200 ACCOR hotels before 2009. According to hotel environment charter, 19 energy optimizing measures has been recomanded to implement in each hotel facility such as use of energy-efficient refrigeritors, optimized outside lighting, solar panels to heat swiming pools and more. On the other hand rival Intercontinental Hotel Group says their owned/managed hotels set thir aim to reduce energy use by up to 10% in 2009. They said over the next three years (2010-2012) Intercontinental Hotel Group will save energy 6% to 10%. on a per available room night basis. So, ACCOR measures to reduce energy consumptions clearly give them a competitive advantages over the Intercontinental Hotel Group. Water Use: Water consumption per region (m3) 2008 Americas m3 2008 281.6 EMEA m3 2008 59.7 Asia Pacific m3 2008 2.1 (source- www.ichplc.com, Title- Water consumption) ACCOR hotel group works every day with the help of thier extensive hotel network to find sustainable formula to manage their water use. The goal is to use through innovative reutilization technologies. Evry year millions of people fall in sick due to drink untreated water in the developing countries such as Bangladesh, vietnam. ACCOR is working to ensure complience with rigorous sanitary standards in its hotels. ACCOR claimed their owned hotels consume 10% less water per room rentaed than in 2006. 100% of owned hotels and 87% of subsidiary hotels has been equiped according to flow regulators. Waste (Source- accor.com) Accor gives priority to products that use less packaging and are less toxic for the environment at the end of their life cycle. ACCOR has been using different process in its facilities to remove more waste and increase the recycling segments. Only 10% of waste products are recycled in the world. ACCOR has set their target to recycle 70 percent paper, cardboard and glass. 95% of the owned ACCOR hotels aims to recycle their batteries and compact fluorescent ligh bulbs/tubes by 2010.   Our approach to waste management is based on the 3Rs: reduce, re-use and recycle.   Waste reduction has the most economic and environmental benefits (e.g. reduction in Greenhouse Gas emissions) followed by re-use, recycling/composting and energy recovery. Biodiversity 1 out of every 4 mammals, 1 out of every 5 fish, and 1 out of every 8 plants are in danger of extinction The beauty of a natural site typically attracts visitors, to the point that tourist hotels are often located in fragile ecosystems. Accor is therefore committed to the preservation of the natural environment by regularly mobilizing its staff. Groupwide programme This section presents all the areas in which accor is acting to improve its impact on the environment and on society: Construction Construction of buildings are blames for 40% if energy consumption and 40% of the worlds CO2 emissions. Main items are heating, lighting and water. Accor will complete to open its 1800 new hotels under their news ecofriendly construction rules. Ecodesign Packaging item creats hundrads of thousands tones of wast in the world every day. Though there is signicant chance to reduce the volume of waste it is not been taken seriously by the big companies who are responsible for this wast related problem. Accor is in constact contact with their suppliers to rethink products, reduce unnecessary quantities and giving priority to recycle materials. Purchasing Accor purchases approximately 3 billion euros in products each year. Present in 90 countries, Accor has significant leverage for change through its purchasing. The Group thus wishes to verify that its suppliers respect its environmental and social commitment. Accor is supplied by over 2800 suppliers around the world. ACCOR strategies to get into new market has been analysed on address six key issues-choice of products, choice of strategic markets, mode of entry, transplanting the corporate DNA, winning the local battle, and speed of global expansion. These six issues helps ACCOR go about building global presence in a systematic manner. Part-3 of the assignment Direction for growth Part-4 of the assignment Recommendation- Guest involvement in Green concept- It can be a good idea to involve ACCOR guest to their green concept. I believe it will help ACCOR hotels to make them a sustainable hotel group in the world. It is my suggestion to chose all old ages guests to invite them to plant tree on the ACCOR hotel premises with hotel and customer partnership basis. The concept can be like a old age customer will be invited to plant a tree that tree will be looked after by the company. But the customer of his/ her next of keen will get of 10% of its partnership. A picture of their tree plantation will be displayed in museum style room. Every year the guest will keep in touch and the progress of the tree will be informed. Every year their family will be invited to an event based on their forestation partnership project. I believe after 15-20 years this project can bring huge revenue for the company. If the customer die their next of keen will be more emossional. I hope their family members will come very often to see that nature friendly activities. I made this elaborately which is very difficult to explain in few words. Justification of the recommendation: Strategic objectives of the recomandation- Selecting third world countries for mid range hotel- Usually there are two types of hotels are being built in third world countries especially in Bangladesh, Vietnam, Sri Lanka and others developing countries. An example can be cited on Bangladesh to justify my recommendation.

Analyzing Search Engines :: essays research papers

<div style="sub-title">1. Formulate five criteria for the evaluation of search engines To effectively evaluate three different search engines from the perspective of an advanced web user, the following criteria were established: 1. Relevance and accuracy of search results 2. Search speed 3. Advanced search options 4. Other services 5. Site design and layout More information about these criteria and how they were used is available below. 2. Test three search engines against your criteria For this evaluation, the following three search engines were tested: 1. AltaVista - http://www.altavista.com/ 2. Google - http://www.google.com/ 3. DirectHit - http://www.directhit.com/ <div style="sub-title">3. Explain your methodology The criteria outlined in Part 1 were reached by considering the things that would be important to an advanced user. Of course, factors like Relevance and Speed are critical to such a user (particularly in a work environment). The search options criteria is particularly important to advanced users who are after a specific page and do not want to waste time 'wading' through results from a 'standard' search. The other criteria are important to most users and mean that the search engines are more usable and useful. The search results from the three test search engines (Part 2) were evaluate according the criteria, explained it more detail below. Criteria 1 - Relevance and Accuracy of Results This criterion was to evaluate the usefulness of a particular search engine according to the accuracy of its results. I defined the relevance, according to personal standards, after browsing the pages in the results, for three separate search terms. The Relevance Percentage is calculated by counting the number of relevant pages that appear in the first 20 search 'hits' and then multiplying by 20 (for a percentage). Criteria 2 - Search Speed This criterion was to evaluate which of the test search engines returns results quicker. However, it is important to note that the speed test is both a test of the Internet connection to the remote machine, as well as the time taken by the search engine to perform the search. Furthermore, tests of Internet speeds are very variable based on time of day, other internet traffic etc and are therefore of only limited accuracy. For this reason, no 'hard numbers' were calculated (ie timed searches). Instead, I rated each search engine based on 5 searches per engine at the same time, same day. The possible Speed Ratings are as follows: Excellent, Good, Poor Criteria 3 - Search Options This criteria was to evaluate the search engines advanced search options.

Ophelia Character Sketch

Hamlet is a very complex play based upon the relationships within the walls of Listener Castle in Denmark. Hamlet is the main character and the focus point in all the emotions and feelings in the play. Gertrude (Hamlet's mother), and Claudia (Hamlet's uncle and his mother's new husband and the new king of Denmark) all of these characters play major roles in the play.Aphelia is outside the family connections of these three characters but she still impacts the play with her bubble personality that she is force to do by her father and the manipulations and mistreatment of others. Hamlet has the first reason to be hurt by Aphelia because she follows her father's orders regarding Hamlet and his true intentions for their love. Polonium tells Aphelia that Hamlet will not do anything but be pimp with the girls since he is supposed to have an arranged marriage. After telling Aphelia this, Polonium and Claudia try to have Aphelia become bait to find out why Hamlet us acting crazy.Hamlet begin s with his overwhelming sarcasm toward Aphelia, â€Å"l humbly thank you, well, well, well,† he says to her regarding her initial pleasantries (3. 1. 91). Before this scene, he has heard the King and Polonium establishing a plan to deduce his unusual and grief-stricken behavior. Hamlet is well aware that this plan merely uses Aphelia as a tool, and as such, she does / piton 2 not have much option of refusing without angering not only her father but the conniving King Claudia as well.Hamlet constantly refuses that he cared for her. He tells her and all of his uninvited listeners, â€Å"No, not l, I never gave you aught† (Ham. 1. 94-95). Hamlet has a right to direct his anger to Aphelia because it was her that repelled against him. Her father forced her, and if she did try to disobey her father she could be disowned. Furthermore, Aphelia cannot know that Hamlet's attitude toward her reflects his disillusionment in his mother. Hamlet's inconstancy can only mean deceitfuln ess or madness.Hamlet puts Aphelia in a trap that has been laid by him in order for his revenge to continue, in part Aphelia love and idealize her lover, and her shock is genuine when Hamlet demands â€Å"get thee to a nunnery† (linemen). Hamlet says this to show that Aphelia can be easily controlled by others and not only throwing herself at Hamlet but also letting her father control Aphelia. Hamlet calls her a prostitute that can be easily be misled away by other's intentions.The melancholy, grief, and madness that Hamlet suffers from may well eve been the propelling force for all of his unfortunate action towards Aphelia in Shakespearean play. It is worth allowing that the first of the two are real; his melancholy and grief are not the same as Aphelion's. Aphelia is the more tragic of the two because her madness is not feigned. Furthermore, it is caused by the very love of her life is even more disastrous for her poor young life and possibly pregnancy. They are each malcon tents with no real happiness made available to them given their unfortunate circumstances.

Emergent Corporate Strategy Essay

CORPORATE STRATEGY is the direction an organization takes with the objective of achieving business success in the long term. Recent approaches have focused on the need for companies to adapt to and anticipate changes in the business environment. The development of a corporate strategy involves establishing the purpose and scope of the organization’s activities and the nature of the business it is in, taking the environment in which it operates, its position in the marketplace, and the competition it faces into consideration. Strategic management is a relatively young subject. It has its roots in the economic and social theories of the 1930s and 1940s – perhaps even earlier. It only really began to emerge as a separate topic in the 1960s and 1970s. Even today, there is only partial agreement on the fundamental principles of strategic management with many views, ideas and concepts. Among the numerous early contributors, the most influential were Alfred Chandler, Philip Se lznick, Igor Ansoff and Peter Drucker. Alfred Chandler recognized the importance of coordinating management activity under an all-encompassing strategy. Interactions between functions were typically handled by managers who relayed information back and forth between departments. Chandler stressed the importance of taking a long term perspective when looking to the future. In his 1962 ground breaking work Strategy and Structure, Chandler showed that a long-term coordinated strategy was necessary to give a company structure, direction and focus. He says it concisely, â€Å"structure follows strategy.† Times change and concepts evolve so by the 1980s one can choose between two pathways when developing a strategy for a corporation, non-profit organization or an institution: the prescriptive and the emergent approach. Deliberate strategy is goal-orientated. It asks: what do we want to achieve? Emergent strategy is means-orientated. It asks: what is possible, with the means we have at our disposal? Already in 1985 Mintzberg and Waters were publishing: Ë ®Of strategies, Deliberate and EmergentË ® were they stated that deliberate str ategy is realized as intended whereas emergent strategy are patterns of consistence realized despite, or in the absence, of intention. There are 8 different types of strategy between the two poles of deliberate and emergent strategy: planned, entrepreneurial, ideological, umbrella, process, unconnected, consensus, imposed. Many authors have defined the two approachments in different ways. In Linch’s view a prescriptive thinking is one whose objectives are defined in advance and whose main elements have been developed before the strategy commences. Such an approach usually begins with an analysis of the outside environment and the resources of the company. The objectives of the organization are then developed from this. There then follows the generation of strategic options to achieve the objectives, from which one (or more) may be chosen. The chosen option is then implemented. This full range of activities is called the prescriptive strategy process. Henry Mintzberg, in his work, The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning, was a critic of the analytical approach arguing that label strategic planning should be dr opped because strategic planning has impeded strategic thinking and also because unpredictable events, such as the introduction of new regulations or technologies, will regularly act to force the original strategy off its course. From a contrary point of view Ansoff shows that firms in fast-paced, competitive environments who use a systematic process for strategic planning very often go on to dominate their marketplace. Their logical, analytical approach allows them to devise predictive and pre-emptive strategies from which they can meet new opportunities head on. For instance, in 1995 EasyJet used incredible foresight to introduce low cost flights allowing it to take advantage of a more cost-conscious European Market. The prescriptive approach regards strategy development as a systematized and deterministic process where analysis of the organisation, its performance and external environment leads to the formation of a rational, long-term plan. Senior management is in charge of defining the final objectives and the plan is then put into action through the successive layers of the organization. Managers who use the analytical method are usually those with a low appetite for risk and activate in a slow changing market. On the other hand, the emergent strategy is a pattern of action that develops over time in an organization in the absence of a specific mission and goals, or despite a mission and goals. Emergent strategy is sometimes called realized strategy. Mintzberg argues that strategy emerges over time as intentions collide with and accommodate a changing reality. Emergent strategy is a set of actions, or behavior, consistent over time, â€Å"a realized pattern [that] was not expressly intended† in the original planning of the strategy. When a deliberate strategy is realized, the result matches the intended course of action. An emergent strategy develops when an organization takes a series of actions that with time turn into a consistent pattern of behavior, regardless of specific intentions. â€Å"Deliberate strategies provide the organization with a sense of purposeful direction.† Emergent strategy implies that an organization is learning what works in practice. Mixing the deliberate and the emergent strategies in some way will help the organization to control its course while encouraging the learning process. â€Å"Organizations †¦[may] pursue †¦ umbrella strategies: the broad outlines are deliberate while the details are allowed to emerge within them† (from Mintzberg, H. 1994, The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning). Linch defines emergent strategy as one that does not have the same fixed objectives as the prescriptive approach. The whole process is more experimental with various possible outcomes depending on how matters develop. To quote, ‘An emergent strategy is one whose final objective is unclear and whose elements are developed during the course of its life, as the strategy proceeds.’ Thus the early stages of emergent strategy may be similar to prescriptive strategy – analysis of the environment and resources. But then the process becomes more circular, learning and experimental. Formulation of strategy runs parallel to implementation and managers at multiple organizational levels have a key input into the actual strategies pursued by the organization. This model’s emphasis on learning underlies more recent theories which focus on the value of knowledge as a core organizational competence for gaining competitive advantage. Despite heaving a good, solid, prescriptive strategy with their low cost flights, Easy Jet embraces with success also the emergent approach by launching allocated seats on all flights, in order to get competitive advantage. Budget airline says it will make more money from seat allocation than speedy boarding scheme preferred by rival Ryanair. EasyJet is ending the desperate rush for prime seats on low-cost flights by launching allocated seating across its network. Having been eschewed by budget carriers in the past for impeding fast turnaround times, the Luton-based airline said seat allocation did not appear to slow down journeys an d is more lucrative than speedy boarding schemes. It expects 1a and 6a to be the prime picks on flights following trials on 6,000 flights this season. Allocated seating was be rolled out across easyJet’s network from November, with all passengers allocated a seat. Those wishing to change their seat will be charged  £12 for front row and over-wing seats,  £8 for berths in the four rows behind the front row, and  £3 to reserve a seat anywhere else on the plane. Passengers who don’t pay for a particular spot will be randomly allocated a seat as well when they check in, free of charge, although the chances of getting a seat up front will be diminished. â€Å"The majority of people will not have to pay for their seat,† said an EasyJet spokesman, adding that the airline would attempt to seat families together even if they don’t pay for specific seats. EasyJet has mulled allocated seating trials in the past but Carolyn McCall, EasyJet chief executive, has decided to push ahead after a trial scheme showed encouraging results. The trials found that on short-haul flights such as London to Glasgow, the  £3 window seat 6a was the most popular, while on longer routes such as London to Sharm-el-Sheikh the  £12 1a berth is the most sought-after due to the more substantial legroom. Predictably, seats in the middle and near the back found the fewest takers, with 16b the least desired on short haul and passengers avoiding 19b on long haul. â€Å"This is an example of EasyJet trying to do all it can to make travel easy and affordable for our passengers,† said McCall. â€Å"Our customers asked us to trial allocated seating and we are really pleased with the positive passenger feedback during the trial. As importantly, we have shown that we can do so while delivering strong on-time performance – the most important driver of passenger satisfaction.† EasyJet said that more than seven out of 10 passengers on trial routes preferred the system to speedy boarding, where passengers pay around  £10. 50 to board a flight first – a service also offered by Ryanair. Low-cost airlines have been characterized by their strategy of charging for as many services as possible, from inflight food to checking bags into the hold. However, some notions such as allocated seating have been ruled out by the likes of Ryanair because of their potential to clutter up planes, which would prevent low-cost carriers from executing the 25-minute turnaround times – the gap between a plane arriving at its gate and pushing off again – that allow them to run the busiest possible timetable. Andrew Lobbenberg, an analyst at HSBC, said the move would benefit EasyJet because it gives the airline the opportunity to make money from all seats on a flight rather than the 30 berths set aside for speedy boarding. â€Å"We would expect sales of pre-allocated seat selection and premium seat allocation in the front of cabin and exit rows to certainly exceed speedy boarding revenues. Speedy boarding was limited to 30 passengers per flight, but we imagine a higher share of passengers will opt to secure their seats in advance of travel.† He added: â€Å"Moreover, we think the switch to allocated seating will make trave lling on EasyJet notably less stressful. It will be far better for families travelling together. It will also remove the hassle of boarding which we think has been a material deterrent for business travelers. It should also be helpful for relations with airports: as customers spend less time standing in queues for hours before the flight, they should be free to spend more time and money in airport stores.† An emergent approach leads to more creative and responsive strategy making which is well suited to the hyper-competitive and unpredictable environments of today. Interestingly, Hamel and Prahalad pointed out that the most successful firms in the world do not tie themselves down to mission, goals and objectives or the predetermined plan. One of these corporations is obviously Apple, which is in a never-ending development. Apple prides itself on its innovation. When reviewing the history of Apple, it is evident that this attitude permeated the company during its peaks of success. For instance, Apple pioneered the PDA market by introducing the Newton in 1993. Later, Apple introduced the easy-to-use iMac in 1998, and updates following 1998. It released a highly stable operating system in 1999, and updates following 1999. Apple had one of its critical points in history in 1999 when it introduced the iBook. This completed their â€Å"product matrix†, a simplified product mix strategy formulated by Jobs. This move allowed Apple to have a desktop and a portable computer in both the professional and the consumer segments. In 2001, Apple hit another important historical point by launching iTunes. This marked the beginning of Apple’s new strategy of making the Mac the hub for the â€Å"digital lifestyle†. Apple then opened its own stores, in spite of protests by independent Apple retailers voicing cannibalization concerns. Then Apple introduced the iPod, central to the â€Å"digital lifestyle† strategy. Philip W. Schiller, VP of Worldwide Product Marketing for Apple, stated, â€Å"iPod is going to change the way people listen to music.† He was right. Apple continued their innovative streak with advancements in flat-panel LCDs for desktops in 2002 and improved notebooks in 2003. In 2003, Apple released the iLife package, containing improved versions of iDVD, iMovie, iPhoto, and iTunes. In reference to Apple’s recent advancements, Jobs said, â€Å"We are going to do for digital creation what Microsoft did for the office suite productivity.† That is indeed a bold statement. Time will tell whether that happens. Apple continued its digital lifestyle strategy by launching iTunes Music Store online in 2003, obtaining cooperation from â€Å"The Big 5† Music companies—BMG, EMI, Sony Entertainment, Universal, Warner. This allowed iTunes Music Store online to offer over 200,000 songs at introduction. In 2003, Apple released the world’s fastest PC (Mac G5), which had dual 2.0GHz PowerPC G5 processors. Product differentiation is a viable strategy, especially if the company exploits the conceptual distinctions for product differentiation. Those that are relevant to Apple are product features, product mix, links with other firms, and reputation. Apple established a reputation as an innovator by offering an array of easy-to-use products that cover a broad range of segments. However, its links with other firms have been limited, as we will discuss in the next section on strategic alliances. There is economic value in product differentiation, especially in the case of monopolistic competition. The primary economic value of product differentiation comes from reducing environmental threats. The cost of product differentiation acts as a barrier to entry, thus reducing the threat of new entrants. Not only does a company have to bear the cost of standard business, it also must bear the costs associated with overcoming the differentiation inherent in the incumbent. Since companies pursue niche markets, there is a reduced threat of rivalry among industry competitors. A company’s differentiated product will appear more attractive relative to substitutes, thus reducing the threat of substitutes. If suppliers increase their prices, a company with a differentiated product can pass that cost to its customers, thus reducing the threat of suppliers. Since a company with a differentiated product competes as a quasi-monopoly in its market segment, there is a reduced threat of buyers. With all of Porter’s Five Forces lower, a company may see economic value from a product differentiation strategy. A company attempts to make its strategy a sustained competitive advantage. For this to occur, a product differentiation strategy that is economically valuable must also be rare, difficult to imitate, and the company must have the organization to exploit this. If there are fewer firms differentiating than the number required for perfect competition d ynamics, the strategy is rare. If there is no direct, easy duplication and there are no easy substitutes, the strategy is difficult to imitate. There are four primary organizing dilemmas when considering product differentiation as a strategy: inter-functional collaboration, connection to the past, commitment to market vision and institutional control. To resolve these dilemmas, there must be an appropriate organization structure. A U-Form organization resolves the inter-functional collaboration dilemma if there are product development and product management teams. Combining the old with the new resolves the connection to the past dilemma. Having a policy of experimentation and a tolerance for failure resolves the commitment to market vision dilemma. Managerial freedom within broad decision-making guidelines will resolve the institutional control dilemma. Five leadership roles will facilitate the innovation process: Institutional Leader, Critic, Entrepreneur, Sponsor, and Mentor. The institutional leader creates the organizational infrastructure necessary for innovation. This role also resolves disputes, particularly among the other leaders. The critic challenges investments, goals, and progress. The entrepreneur manages the innovative unit(s). The sponsor procures, advocates, and champions. The mentor coaches, counsels, and advises. Apple had issues within its organization. In 1997, when Apple was seeking a CEO acceptable to Jobs, Jean-Louis Gassà ©e (then-CEO of Be, ex-Products President at Apple) commented, â€Å"Right now the job is so difficult, it would require a bisexual, blond Japanese who is 25 years old and has 15 years’ experience!† Charles Haggerty, then-CEO of Western Digital, said, â€Å"Apple is a company that still has opportunity written all over it. But you’d need to recruit God to get it done.† Michael Murphy, then-editor of California Technology Stock Letter, stated, â€Å"Apple desperately needs a great day-to-day manager, visionary, leader and politician. The only person who’s qualified to ru n this company was crucified 2,000 years ago.† Since Jobs took over as CEO in 1997, Apple seems to have resolved the innovation dilemmas, evidenced by their numerous innovations. To continue a product differentiation strategy, Apple must continue its appropriate management of innovation dilemmas and maintain the five leadership roles that facilitate the innovation process. In a few words emergent strategy does not mean chaos, but unintended order instead; does not mean that management is out of control, only that it is open, flexible and responsive as well as willing to learn; ultimately it implies learning what works. The purely prescriptive approach, where realized strategy is formed exactly as intended, and purely emergent strategy- order (consistency in actions over time) in absence of intention about it do both not exist in real life. The purely prescriptive and purely emergent strategy are two poles of a continuum of observable strategies in practice. Within the framework of an environment which is by and large unpredictable, many organizations are forced to become more flexible and adaptive to change. This supports the adoption of an emergent approach to strategy development which invokes a more intelligent capacity to respond to new opportunities. Nonetheless, such a strategy can preclude control over actions and may risk a lack of direction. A greater use of strategic planning tools for internal and external analysis would certainly facilitate improved organizational learning and enhance strategic thinking even while following an emergent approach. This recognition that the prescriptive and emergent processes, rather than being mutually exclusive, can be complementary approaches that reinforce each other is being highlighted in more recent theories such as the Logical Incrementalism approach proposed by Quinn. Although many management writers seem to seek one ‘best way’ to conduct strategy, these approaches are not necessarily incompatible. Different approaches may be suitable at different times, depending on the context or situation, and an organization may pursue a combination of approaches. For example, an organization can have a clear direction and an overall plan – which it expects to have a amend or adapt as events unfold. It may also encourage small-scale strategic initiatives or projects throughout the organization. They help the organization to develop new skills and retain flexibility; they also have the potential of spreading if conditions are appropriate. All in all, most viable strategies in today’s business world should have customized elements of prescriptive and emergent characteristics in order to manage the complexities of their business and still triumph over changing circumstances. The final conclusion is that â€Å"Strategy formation walks on two feet, one deliberate and one emergent.† (Mintzberg & Waters)

The State Of Crappy Content (And How To Rise Above) With Barry Feldman

The State Of Crappy Content (And How To Rise Above) With Barry Feldman Does your blog stand out from your competition? Does it provide experiences that make prospects want to come back? If your blog is boring, what does that say about your products and services? But if your blog content is engaging, imagine what your target audience will think about them. Today, we’re talking to Barry Feldman, mastermind behind Feldman Creative. In this episode, Barry shares some tips on what to do and not do to create standout content, build an audience, and offer awesome experiences through your content marketing. Biggest impediment for content marketing success is tunnel vision, where companies focus explicitly on a blog but nothing more; expectations are unreal Think about the entire content marketing funnel capturing emails, building a community, and building a relationship; a blog is just a piece of that process Build an audience; create assets that excite people and don’t depend on one channel Barry’s experience with The Article Factory, a cheap content farm; you get what you pay for Barry’s price for articles is higher because he understands SEO, writing, positioning, and conversion; he can help you reach your objectives Blogs should be educational, entertaining, and inspiring; make customers the stars of your stories and showcase in-house/guest writers with opinions High-quality content is so exciting that you want more of it; the purpose of a blog content is to get someone to subscribe to your Website Invest more time and resources to create quality content; bigger is better Successful content marketers position themselves as experts in their field; communicate authority with your posts Content Marketing: Keep trying, roll with the changes, take it seriously; success isn’t instant and you don’t hit a homerun every time Links: Feldman Creative Books by Barry Feldman The Article Factory How Publishing Crappy Content Ruins Your Rankings The (Sarcastic) Guide to Publishing a Boring Blog Joe Pulizzi Write and send a review to receive a care package If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Barry Feldman â€Å"I think there’s a horrible amount of tunnel vision where (people and companies) focus explicitly on the blog and nothing more.† â€Å"You have to think about the entire funnel capturing emails, building a community, and building a relationships and a blog is just a piece of that.† â€Å"You can build an audience in a lot of ways. But if you’re depending entirely on any one channelyou may or may not build an audience.† â€Å"Content marketing succeeds when subject matter experts and talented creatorscome together.†

America First Hand Essays - Literature, United States, Free Essays

America First Hand Essays - Literature, United States, Free Essays America First Hand America First Hand. Robert D. Marcus and David Burner. Beacon Press, 1987, 223 pgs. The beginning of the colonial period was full of troubles. America First Hand, by Robert D. Marcus and David Burner is written in distinct detail about several accounts by American colonists that are written and relay what it was like in the colonies during the first couple decades. The accounts describe how teenagers, men, and women, all in their own way, questioned society, religion, and government in order to improve themselves and have their own effects on a changing county. Marcus and Burner compare and contrast religious, political, and social issues that were dealt with during the early 1800s. The authors examined the experiences of Hetty Shepard, Ben Franklin, and Eliza Pickeny. Three Americans from very different backgrounds who all had thoughts, actions, and ideas to better themselves and hopefully better their fellow man and society. They show that people should try to better themselves based on his or her own opinions and ideas rather than rely on those of others. Miss Hetty Shepard was a Puritan girl living in New England at the height of colonization and had trouble with the Indians. She recorded a diary to describe the days as they went by. Also along with her daily acknowledgements, Hetty reveals private thoughts and inquires that show her doubts and questions concerning her strict Puritan beliefs. Marcus and Burner show passages from a diary written by Hetty Shepard about what some may call the rebellious mind of young woman. Based on her writings, others may call her the beginning of the independent, or republican, women. Men of the colonial time period did not have it much easier than women. Inventor, philosopher, printer, and ladies man extraordinary Ben Franklin was also considered. He was a writer/printer from Philadelphia, and a person who was interested in the science of humanity. Franklin in the midst of the Age of Enlightenment, was a man concerned with his own personal perfection. Eliza Pinckney, A Republican Women, was an extraordinary woman of the colonial south. There were many photographs of Eliza Pinckney placed on pages 123-128. Throughout her life she knew how to fend for herself. She was educated and cultured; she took on the responsibilities of running several plantations, as well as the responsibility of raising two children on her own through long distance correspondence. She was in every meaning of the word, independent. All three of these people, Hetty Shepard, Ben Franklin, and Eliza Pinckney began their ways by suppressing their natural thoughts, impulses, and emotions in order to fulfill the requirement society expected of them. America First Hand teaches a lesson because eventually they all came to realize that the way to better them was to do what was best for them and their situation. These three people are examples of what makes America a great country of independence. They show that you dont have to believe what you are told, and that you should do what is best for you as you see it. They show that no matter your age, sex, background, or creed, you can think for yourself and help to mold our still and ever-changing country. The material that the authors present is well organized and easy to understand. I would recommend it to anyone interested in learning about how others viewed us becoming an independent nation during the 1800s.

A Study On Change Management Commerce Essay

A Study On Change Management Commerce Essay Accepting change is considered the biggest paranoia in todays world. Organizations – both business and non-business confront a challenging world. Some of the challenges that are faced by managers today include competition from other firms, globalization, and technological changes besides others. Let us consider a small example that can set the stage for discussing the effects of change. Daily life in a modern society is like a routine, where we wake up in the mornings, have breakfast, go for work, have lunch, come back from work, eat dinner and then sleep again. It has become a scheduled life, or so to say, we conform to structure in our lives. This structure provides us the necessary security. But, if we were to live in a world full of anxiety and unexpected mechanisms, it may leave us feeling uneasy and apprehensive. If this is the condition of individuals, a large-scale change in an organization can surely transform its people into anxiety, exasperation, frustration, depre ssion or even fatal incidents. To curb this, organizations practice what is to be referred to as Change Management. Change Management is a process whereby, the individual, team or the organization develops a planned approach towards any sort of an alteration. The objective is to capitalize the benefits for the people and lessen the risk of failure of implementation. Change management entails thoughtful planning and sensitive implementation, and most importantly, consultation with the people who are going to be involved in the process. This task studies how organizations have evolved to accept change. But let us first look at the drivers that affect organizational change: Ø Inadequate Financial Performance – the 2008 economic slowdown can be well quoted as an example for this. Companies failing to reach their financial benchmarks, have to undergo change. Competitive organizations can cannibalize their market share, provided they enter with cheaper labor or superior technolo gy. Failure to maintain the market share can force companies to rethink their opportunity cost and also the deployment of resources. Ø Changes in Strategic objectives – many companies shift their focus from being product-driven to being customer-driven or even process-driven. To enable this, restructuring and re-orientation of processes, people are required of in the organization. Ø New Technology – companies that neglect the new trends in the market are set to suffer a setback, and, therefore, should adapt to the changes in technology. Ø Mergers and Acquisitions – when companies merge and consolidate their operations, people and the culture, re-engineering takes place. The streamlining of the operations, infrastructure and the structure of the two organizations into one centralized theme is a huge part of the change management process. These, could be defined as the drivers of change that evolve businesses and markets. Organizations, today, have learn t to adapt to change. In this era of globalization, fast-moving lives and business-centered organizations, people and the processes have accepted the transformation. For instance, a lot of investment banks had to undergo transformation during the economic slowdown. Citigroup Inc. restructured its banks and other affiliates during the recessionary period, to acclimatize with the new environment. And it did happen. The management has to ensure that a smooth shift occurs, and for this it adopts a number of organizational theories as a basis for effective change management. Some of them are listed in the next few paragraphs.

Ylindrospermopsin Alkaloids Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ylindrospermopsin Alkaloids - Research Paper Example CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION The description of cylindrospermopsin alkaloids is such that they consist of three soluble water toxins that comprise of cylindrospermopsin (CYN) (1), 7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (7-deoxy-CYN) (2) and also 7-epi-cylindrospermopsin (7-epi-CYN) (3). Researchers have signaled towards certain problems related to the toxicological characteristics of these natural compounds, their existence in water and which was followed by their removal. The structural features of these alkaloids are in fact extraordinary comprising of a sulfonated tricyclic guanidine linked to a uracil ring. The beginning of this analysis centers on the isolation of these innate products followed by the investigation into the environmental impact of cylindrospermopsin alkaloids contamination. (1) Figure 1. The cylindrospermopsin alkaloids of cylindrospermopsin (1),7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (2) and 7-epi-cylindrospermopsin (3). 1.1 ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION Credited to Moore and his team usin g a combination of NMR and mass spetroscopy, the extraction of Cylindrospermopsin (1) took place in 1992 from the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. While 7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (2) was discovered in 1999, owing to the purification of cylindrospermopsin which was performed on a regular basis. It was also concluded that the derivate of cylindrospermopsin could also exist in the form of a pair of tautomers because of the fact that the uracil ring’s vinylic proton was not identified during the application of the H NMR technique as shown in figure 2. However, as every sample of 7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (2) was observed the incidence of the uracil group (4) was confirmed by examining the absorbance maximum (?max). Even... Credited to Moore and his team using a combination of NMR and mass spetroscopy, the extraction of Cylindrospermopsin (1) took place in 1992 from the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. While 7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (2) was discovered in 1999, owing to the purification of cylindrospermopsin which was performed on a regular basis. It was also concluded that the derivate of cylindrospermopsin could also exist in the form of a pair of tautomers because of the fact that the uracil ring’s vinylic proton was not identified during the application of the H NMR technique as shown in figure 2. However, as every sample of 7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (2) was observed the incidence of the uracil group (4) was confirmed by examining the absorbance maximum (ÃŽ »max). Even though, the measurement of approximate quantity was not possible, it was evident that as a mixture of compounds the natural material indeed existed. The discovery of the 7-epi-cylindrospermopsin took place in 20 02 and it was originally established that it was synthesized with Aphanizomenon ovalisporum. The approximation of cylindrospermopsin’s relative stereochemistry was made by considering the unusualtautomer enol presence of the uracil D ring. To explain the concept, uracil D as described in structure 6 is a intramolecularly hydrogen linked to a nitrogen terminus of the guanidine group. The NMR evidence was made to be the basis of the product correlation which understandably led the research participants to conclude that structure 7 was the most appropriate and relevant description of cylindrospermopsin (1).

Dynamism in Precolonial African Society Research Paper - 1

Dynamism in Precolonial African Society - Research Paper Example This essay declares that the societies of Africa, thrust into democratic setups, have been unable to function as smoothly as they did under indigenous forms of governance. This is not to suggest that democracy is not a workable form of governance in Africa. However, the transition was not effected in a very scientific manner and there was a great resistance from the ancient forms of social structuring. The power and dynamism of these social orders can be seen in the resistance to sudden and imposed change that they offer. The tribal forms of governance in African societies were in many ways, examples of a smooth and efficient from of democracy. While they were not completely democratic by any stretch of imagination, they did offer certain strengths to women and marginalized sections of the society in ways that Western society never has. They also offered means of redressal for people who had been wronged in ways that were quick and efficient. In many colonized societies a quick and s mooth system of justice was often replaced by Western systems of law that failed to work as effectively in these societies. They were unable to dispense justice in quick and efficient ways. This paper makes a conclusion that Africa has been referred to as the ‘dark continent’. This epithet has obviously racist connotations. It also designates the continent as one which was always ignorant of civilized ways of being. The dynamic and robust structuring of precolonial African societies belies these views.

Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Human Resources - Essay Example The satisfaction of consumers depend on the quality of the service that a hotel resort lodging provides. This quality depends on the performance of front-line employees, especially employees who interact with consumers. Because of this service nature, in order to ensure that the company delivers the level of quality that it promises to consumers, first it has to ensure that it has the policies which supports this strategy. In order for this kind of business to take care of consumers, they have to take care of its employees first whose job is to take care of consumers. And this is best done by making the Human Resource function of the company a strategic partner. In many business nowadays where product offers include both the goods and the service at the same time, the quality of the service depends on the performance of front-line employees. Therefore, in order to make sure that the level of quality that the company promises through its integrated marketing communications activities are provided, a strong support from the companys human resource function is needed. Strategic human resource management is key. By strategic human resource management, the human resource function of the company takes part in crafting functional-level strategy in order to support the companys overall goals and strategy. In the case of the hotel resorts lodging business, the role of human resources range from a macro perspective—proposing an organizational structure to support the companys strategy, helping build a strong corporate culture based on the companys corporate brand essence, to a micro perspective—setting up a compensation package in order to attract the people who will best fit the companys corporate culture and market positioning, ensuring that a high caliber people will enter the company, setting up a performance measurement and

1968 in U.S. History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

1968 in U.S. History - Essay Example The period is characterized by the entrenching of the U.S in an unpopular war in Vietnam, while violence, experimentation, unrest, and outspokenness spread throughout the nation. Leaders were assassinated on an outwardly regular basis, the Civil Rights Movement got more powers, and psychedelic music and social experimentation were rampant in most parts of the country. Many scholars view this year as shameful, divisive, or sometimes as a year that galvanized change in America. 1968 was an apex of the gradual upheaval of the 1960s. Tension that had been accumulating for the past years ultimately came to head, across a whole year of violence, revolution and grief. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert Kennedy were assassinated; unrest was rampant in Democratic National Convention, as the media covered the Tet Offensive to expose the horrible account of the Vietnam War. The fighting in the Saigon streets during the Tet Offensive or New Year made the Vietnam too real. According to one UPI reporter, the Vietnam in this year meant a first look at death. Photographers scampered from building to building gathering photos on the fighting in the outcasts of Saigon. The North Vietnamese communist groups’ launch of the Tet Offensive in January and its success against South Vietnamese and U.S troops caused discontent and shock across the home front and marked the most intense times of anti-war disputes to date. Apart from being the most difficult and saddest year in America, 1968 was also a presidential election year. President Lyndon Johnson was on the forefront in promoting civil rights legislation but he had also greatly increased American possibility in involving in the Vietnam War. It was therefore not easy for him to leave the White House without protesters being involved; he no longer had majority support and thus announced that he would not contest for the presidency. Eugene McCarthy, a senator from Minnesota engaged in these elections and succeeded in the pri maries. Following his success, New York’s Senator Robert Kennedy decided to enter the campaign too. For a long time then, Kennedy had served in one of the highest legal offices in the nation as Attorney General in the administration of his late brother, John Kennedy. Upon his announcement to run for presidency, most citizens were very pleased with his massage, where he promised to end the Vietnam war, and to reduce racism and poverty both in America and in the whole world. Another serious event was noted in April fourth, the same year; Martin Luther King, America’s top civil rights leader was shot to death in Tennessee. He was helping to negotiate a strike between the management and sanitation employees. This made Kennedy to deliver a speech to black citizens, convincing them that what had happened was against the wishes of Americans, since they disliked hatred, lawlessness, and violence, but embraced wisdom, love, and justice. However, these words did not calm down th e black community. Their leader, Luther had peacefully led civil rights movement, yet his death cultivated violence in more than one hundred cities nationally. Soldiers were called upon to settle the riots, and hundreds of citizens lost their lives or were injured. As the primary elections went on, Robert Kennedy and Eugene McCarthy tried to show how their ideologies differed, but voters could not notice the differences. They both opposed the Vietnam War; sought enhancements in civil rights; and both promoted social reforms. Kennedy led in primaries in Nebraska and Indiana, while McCarthy led in Oregon. California had the next big primaries, and Kennedy stated that he would withdraw if he was defeated in this significant contest. He won the elections and

Respond to questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Respond to questions - Assignment Example Furthermore, social media has become another platform which can be used to influence people against acknowledging thin models being used in fashion shows or adverts. However, being thin should not be deemed as unhealthy. Nevertheless, this campaign should be directed towards those using drugs or skipping meals in order to be thin. Such people should be banned from participating in adverts or fashion shows in the country. Therefore, all people who want to participate in these shows should have a record of their weight reviewed and an approval from a physician. The current challenges that the world is facing such as global warming exist because there has been no strict regulations on the industries. Therefore, leaving the decision on the use of sustainable materials to designers is a major risk to the existence of the future generation. The student has argued logically on the need for the current generation to protect the scarce resources and an already strained environment. The essay is clear with only minor grammatical issues. However, the essay can be used in major arguments that are related to

Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Human Resources - Essay Example The satisfaction of consumers depend on the quality of the service that a hotel resort lodging provides. This quality depends on the performance of front-line employees, especially employees who interact with consumers. Because of this service nature, in order to ensure that the company delivers the level of quality that it promises to consumers, first it has to ensure that it has the policies which supports this strategy. In order for this kind of business to take care of consumers, they have to take care of its employees first whose job is to take care of consumers. And this is best done by making the Human Resource function of the company a strategic partner. In many business nowadays where product offers include both the goods and the service at the same time, the quality of the service depends on the performance of front-line employees. Therefore, in order to make sure that the level of quality that the company promises through its integrated marketing communications activities are provided, a strong support from the companys human resource function is needed. Strategic human resource management is key. By strategic human resource management, the human resource function of the company takes part in crafting functional-level strategy in order to support the companys overall goals and strategy. In the case of the hotel resorts lodging business, the role of human resources range from a macro perspective—proposing an organizational structure to support the companys strategy, helping build a strong corporate culture based on the companys corporate brand essence, to a micro perspective—setting up a compensation package in order to attract the people who will best fit the companys corporate culture and market positioning, ensuring that a high caliber people will enter the company, setting up a performance measurement and

Respond to questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Respond to questions - Assignment Example Furthermore, social media has become another platform which can be used to influence people against acknowledging thin models being used in fashion shows or adverts. However, being thin should not be deemed as unhealthy. Nevertheless, this campaign should be directed towards those using drugs or skipping meals in order to be thin. Such people should be banned from participating in adverts or fashion shows in the country. Therefore, all people who want to participate in these shows should have a record of their weight reviewed and an approval from a physician. The current challenges that the world is facing such as global warming exist because there has been no strict regulations on the industries. Therefore, leaving the decision on the use of sustainable materials to designers is a major risk to the existence of the future generation. The student has argued logically on the need for the current generation to protect the scarce resources and an already strained environment. The essay is clear with only minor grammatical issues. However, the essay can be used in major arguments that are related to

The different forms of religious experience are nothing more than fantasy Essay Example for Free

The different forms of religious experience are nothing more than fantasy Essay Assess the view that the different forms of religious experience are nothing more than fantasy. (45) The term religious experience refers to an experience a person has which has religious qualities and significance. Many people have researched into the idea of religious experiences and it is surprising to find out that a third of people in Britain have said to of experienced some kind of religious experience. These experiences have been researched to discover what impact they have on peoples lives and whether this impact has a positive or negative result. Many scientists research the theory of religious experience to either prove or disprove the existence of God. There are four main forms of religious experience which can be considered when assessing this question that religious experiences are nothing more than fantasy. The first is Mysticism; this refers to an experience where people have had an intimate direct experience with God or some kind of heavenly spirit. William James was a philosopher who approached the idea of religious experiences he wrote a book called the varieties of religious experiences and came up with the idea that there are four main qualities that an experience should have for us to justify calling it mystical. The first is the experience should have a Noetic quality or a divine knowledge after the experience. The next is Transience the experience is only short and lasts only a small while. Passivity which is the lack of control you have when the person is having the religious experience. And the last quality is ineffability which is the fact that the experience is indescribable ands cannot be explained. Julian of Norwich was a famous English mystic who was born about 1342 and at some point during her adult life joined a religious order and became an anchoress living in complete solitude. She lived in a cell which was attached to a church in Norwich, and lived a complete ascetic lifestyle. Julian just before she died became seriously ill and on her deathbed she accounted for 16 visions she had experienced. These experiences are questioned though due to Julians poor health and cannot be used as proof for religious mystical experiences due to this reason. A second mystic is Margery Kemp she was 14th century English mystic who was from Kings Lynn in Norfolk. Margery Kemp became seriously ill after the birth of her first child and suffered from severe guilt from a past sin which had committed during her youth. She was very disturbed going to such lengths as biting through her own veins in her wrist and she also tried to jump out of a window, until one day she looked up to see Jesus and he asked her Daughter, why have you forsaken me when I never forsook thee? From then on Margery seemed to calm and she devoted her life to serving Christ. She had many experiences of Christ and each time Margery was overwhelmed and was seen to be crying. Margery went on many pilgrimages and even at one point was seen being chased by a mob from the shrine of St Thomas Becket after she was crying profusely. From these experiences of which many questions could be asked are very unreliable and couldnt be taken as proof for real religious experiences and meetings with a higher power. The next form of religious experience would be Conversion experiences. These are experiences which change a person and the direction in which there life is going. They transform a persons life and there attitude. A good example of this would be Nicky Cruz and his evangelical conversion experience. Cruz is the author of Run Baby Run which he wrote recalling his life as the leader of a notorious gang the Mau Maus. Cruz was raised by spiritualist parents in Puerto Rico. During his childhood he experienced severe physical and mental abuse. His parents took part in strange and disturbing practises such as when they sacrificed a goat and drank its blood. At a very young age Cruz tried to commit suicide and at 15 he was sent to live with his older brother in New York. This is where he met the gang members and eventually became the leader. Nicky committed many awful crimes and seemed unreachable and unredeemable; this was until he met a street preacher David Wilkerson who told him that Jesus loved him. This is when he experienced a dramatic conversion experience after a Christian meeting. After this he trained as a preacher and set up an outreach programme and teen challenge to help disadvantaged children. And he also managed to convert his parents to Christianity. Another conversion experience which was miraculous was the conversion of John Wesley who saw his conversion as a moment from academic acceptance to personal trust in Christ. At the young age of 6 he was almost killed in a great house fire at his home. From then on he decided to make religion his life and was ordained in 1725. At university he set up a group of people concerned with spiritual matters they nicknamed themselves the Methodists. Wesley became a missionary and travelled to Georgia to try and convert Indian settlers here. On the way back to England he was caught in a strong storm and he feared for his life until he noticed a group of Moravian Christians on board who were remaining calm because they felt so sure of there faith and they knew God would look out for them. And then at a Christian meeting he gained assurance that he was saved on that journey home form America. He stated that his heart felt strangely warmed and had accepted and now trusted Christ this again was an evangelical conversion experience. These are miraculous conversions and could lead to evidence of real religious experiences due to the amazing transformation both these people had, and in both cases the experience had a positive effect on there lives. Visions are also a type of religious experience. One of the most famous visions would be the visions which appeared to three young children. These children lived in Fatima Portugal. Lucia Santos was sent to live as a shepherdess she worked with her cousin Francisco and her 6 year old sister Jacinta. On the same hillside the children saw three visions these were called the three secrets of Fatima. The first vision was a vision of hell which was shown to the children as a great sea of fire with demons and souls in human form. The second secret that was predicted was that Russia would one day return to Christianity. And the last secret was a vision of a man dressed in white falling to the ground apparently dead. This is said to be the attempted assignation of Pope John Paul II. The vision was recalled and Lucia accounted exactly what happened to the pope just before he was shot at. The lady asked the children to do penance and make sacrifices to save sinners. The children wore tight ropes around there waists and deprived themselves of water and food. The lady who had appeared to them also asked them to pray the rosary everyday. The last and most incredible thing about the predictions of the lady was that she predicted the time and date of the death of two of the children. The lady had told them when and the exact hour the children would die and that they would be saved and be with her if they followed her instructions of praying the rosary and giving penance. One thing in which makes these visions different from all the other religious experiences is the fact thousands of people experienced one of the miracles brought by the lady. The children were asked to visit the lady on the 13th October and the news of the visions had become common knowledge therefore the children were followed by great crowds of people who wanted to experience a vision of the lady. At the site where the lady appeared to the children the sun began to dance in the sky and the whole crowd witnessed it. Many visions are recorded in the Bible such as Moses and the burning bush, which recalls the time God spoke to Moses via a burning bush and told him his plans for the Hebrews who had been enslaved in Egypt by the Pharaoh. These visions still have many unreliable qualities it could be said that they are more convincing than the previous religious experiences mentioned. This is because for these visions many of the predictions came true and were also seen by many others. The final form of religious experience is Revelation or divine self disclosure. Revelation can be defined as the communication of some truth by God to a rational creature. Hildegard of Bingen lived in Germany and from the age of eight she claimed that she felt God over shadowing her life. Hildegard recorded the visions she had experienced during her lifetime and she described the fact she felt she had had an insight from God about future events. From these findings of religious experiences, and the many different forms in which they can take, has aided me in answering the question about religious experiences being only fantasy. In many of these cases the individual has been in poor health and has had some kind of traumatic experience in there past. Although some of the explanations and descriptions of the religious experience have been very realistic especially those with more than one witness to them. Many of the experiences have been very miraculous and if they did occur, this could have been blamed on many factors such as ill health or poor diet, or even guilt and their mind was playing tricks on the person.

The Concept Of Toyota Production System Management Essay

The Concept Of Toyota Production System Management Essay This report briefly discusses the concept of Toyota Production System/ Lean manufacturing that Japanese Methodology introduced by Saichi Toyoda, the concept of value chain established by Professor Michael Porter in 1985 and lower waste and competitive advantages of the Lean Manufacturing. All through this report discus about the Toyota Company. In the first part of this report describe about the Lean Manufacturing of selected company. It is critically evaluate the Lean Production which is seeking a high level of production with minimum cost of the Toyota Company that originally Japanese Methodology. At the second this report is highlighting what the recommendations for managing wastes that associates with value chain of the Toyota Company. It is categorised in two categories that primary activities and supply activities in Value Chain. Thirdly discuss what are the implications of recommendation, which discussed before on organizational resources and justify those recommendations which effect on competitiveness sustainability and social responsibility of the company Finally this report describes the Porters Value Chain as a templates and a frame work which support to the front line managers in danger signals and how to face that Danger Signals and identifying wastes. 1) The critical evaluation of lean production in the Toyota Company. It is very important to overview what is the Lean Manufacturing and seeking higher level of output with minimum possibilities such as low labour cost, law material cost, low time and low inventory space, Lean manufacturing produce at a higher level by reducing wastes from the system and simplifying the methods. Toyota Production System is based on two concepts one is jidoka which can translate to automation with a mans touch. It can stop once avoiding the malfunctioning of products when problems arise in the equipment. Wastes can be occurred from several reasons such as, overproduction, waiting, transportation, inventory, defective units, motion and over-processing. Hence Lean Manufacturing in eliminating wastes. Toyota production system/ Lean Manufacturing is introduced by Toyota cooperation which is event of four gentlemen. Sakichi Toyoda, who is father of Toyota Group, Kiichiro Toyoda, son of Sahichi Toyoda, Eiji Toyoda, who was Managing Director from 1950 to 1981 and Taiichi Ohno the father of the Kanban System and chairman in 1981 to 1994. Toyota Use 7 techniques to attain Lean Manufacturing Reduction of set up times Set up activities are wasteful until they tie up labours and equipment with procedures by charts and training to employees and organizing activities. Toyota manages to avoid the setup times. Miner production The organization has to face higher cost on high capital, new machinery, more inventory, set up expenses, high lead times and defect costs when they manufacturing large quantities of products. But Toyota has turned towards low setup and it leads employees to produce in small quantities. Empowerment and Involvement of employees The Toyota Company organize the employees in the organization in to teams and appoint team leaders those having an authority to handle many specific tasks. The company provides training of minor equipment repair and housekeeping and leaders have to work with their teams in the lines 02. Quality at the source If there is some fault it should be able to identify immediately and need be corrected. Totoya has idoka and stop functioning. Equipment maintenance Toyota workers are more conscious about the failure, because they have been well trained to do basic maintenance. Employees have been trained to relevant to maintenance and enhance the quality of the equipment, so they need specialist fix only for complex problems. Pull production Pull production is always target on minimize cost of stock holding, this was introduced by Kotelnikov in 2001 and this is cause to minimize cost of stock holding and time saving. Next stage of materials demand lead to work performs at each step. kanban organize the movement of small containers of miner material between steps. Supplier involvement Toyota Company trains their suppliers to minimize the setup times, maintain stock and reduce failure. And also they consider their suppliers as their partners in the business. Source: Kotelnikov (2001) 2)Recommendations on the ways how waste is managed in Toyota company. The value chain is providing proper method to indicate the improvement of competive advantage in the business. There are number of stages in value chain process for make to value, these all steps are altogather effeted of company value delivering process. What is the way of basic activities can effect to reduce waste in operation process. Inbound logistics The good which needed for production buy from suppleirs and they are stored until they use for the prduction assembly line. Goods are tranfering all over the orrdanization. The Toyota company collect high quality rawmaterials from the best suppelirs in all over the world and keep countinously that quality. They purchase best quality rawmaterials to minimise the watages in prodution line. To handle rawmatrial, The Toyota company practice with JIT (Just In Time) and they keep close relationship with suppleirs to maximise the availability. Operations At this operational level raw materials used to manufacture and assemble. At every separate part of the assembling, includes producing new cars and modifying new cars engine. The Toyota use different and efficient methods for assembling and modifying the car manufacturing to reduce wastages. Outbound logistics They need to be sent to wholesalers, retailers or customers along the supply chain when production is finished. Toyota has opened their show rooms all over the world and made the products more quantifiable to reduce wastages. Marketing and sales They introduce some offers based on target customers. Toyota is true customer oriented company. The Toyota Company mainly focus on the Marketing and promotion Mix to minimize the wastages. Service Toyota provides training on final checking practices and after sales service to Toyota value customers to eliminate wastes from final delivery. Support activities to reduce wastes Procurement This is accountable for purchasing materials for Toyota. It is very important to make the transaction that is high quality product at the lowest price. The Toyota going with some activities such as, outsourcing and e-purchasing to make the effectiveness and free from wastes Development of Technology Technology is front-runners to competitive advantage, as manufacturer of vehicle Toyota is innovating to increase and sustain competitive advantage. Human resource management The Toyota considers their employees as the asset of company. Toyota practice with, recruitment and selection, Training and development, Maintenance and compensation to maintain their employees with higher satisfaction, 3) Recommendation for long term sustainability and corporate social responsibility. Toyota was number one and most admired car producer (Manufacture) in the world according to the annual rating of fortune published in 2001 included such as General motors and Ford .The umbrella policy of Toyota company is the reason and basic philosophy to success in global market environment and its lead to the make company decision and activities. Toyota has penetrated to USA market and invested there. Now they are well established in USA market it is match with its lean manufacturing system. Toyotas way encourages and motivates their employees and they consider it as capital, their main purpose is ultimately winning the employee motivation. All these empowering of employees are lead to more innovation and increase employee participation for manufacturing process and improve its productivity. Toyota way leads to product development and offer very friendly and loyal manner for their customers and they always target to be market oriented. Toyota use out sourcing and it plays a very i mportant part of their manufacturing process and it cause to reduce more direct cost and reduce market risk. Meanwhile Toyota has understood of the importance of engaging with particular specialized suppliers. Toyotas competitive advantage is mainly attributable to the schedule and the coordinate of activities among the network of 300 components suppliers. Toyotas competitive advantage was gained by a strategic commitment to produce exclusive automobiles. Toyota borrowed technology from established car manufacturers and made the procedures what effectively helped to regain customer demand. Customer demand has been the most important strategic initiate of the company. Behind the success of the Toyota Company there are three main components, A network of suppliers in Japan and in US which can be interpreted as world class. An effective Just in time system to manage inventory, which is dependent upon the activities of supplier network. Robot technology incorporated assembly system, the Japan and North America has both won the platinum plant quality award for this function. The processes and procedures sped up when the waste is eliminated from the companys main stream. Even the quality of the product increases when the waste is eliminated. This means the customer and the manufacturer are equally benefited by the Toyota production method. The company and the customer are in a win- win situation and the profits reflect the improvements. Toyota is famous for its innovations and became the largest manufacturer of cars in 2007 ahead of many leading car manufacturers achieving the competitive advantage by innovations. Toyota production system has given Toyota company competitive advantage on a global scale. This advantage is gained through elimination of waste by earlier recommendations by the combination of their human recourses management policies, their highly effective network of suppliers which provide them with raw materials whenever they need it and machine manufacturers that produce machines which are used in the product lines continuously. The management philosophy is more important for their long term sustainability, Toyota is known for its corporate culture which enhances the employee empowerment. According to Hub pages (2010) In an average year more than 700,000 improvement suggestions were submitted by Toyotas employees. That is an average of over 10 improvement suggestions per employee per year. What is perhaps most impressive is that over 99% of suggestions were implemented. This shows how employee centered the company is. Toyota knows that the employees are the key to continuous im provement, their ability and creativity leads to innovation in-house. When the employees are well looked after the company will earn their trust, their loyalty and they will work with an improved morale. Toyota Company has strived to with subsidiaries, suppliers to contribute towards a sustainable development of society making good quality automobiles. When lean manufacturing is used to eliminate waste and improve quality, as it is doing so it is effective to reduce the environmental impact as well. The ways in which Toyota has reduced environmental impact are Engaging in venture capital partnerships where the Toyota Company examines the innovator to establish a new technique to commercial development and success. Building working teams and groups of employees to research and development in sustainable practices in technology Bonding with community organizations which are environmental friendly and working in sustainable issues in order to support and help the community work. Toyota targets for growth that is in harmony with the environment by minimizing the impact which is causing by operational activities, For example reducing the impact on the climate change and biodiversity by vehicle emissions. Toyota is building a relationship between the environment and economic activities to coexist parallel. They create bonds between the individuals and the organizations that are involved in the environmental preservation. Toyota honors individualism by their philosophy of respect for people and concerns about the culture, customs, history, laws of each country which they are operating in. The evolving needs of sustainable mobility is achieves through continuous use of safe, clean and advanced technology. Illegal means are prohibited by the company to ensure long run sustainability with government and non-government agencies. The enrichment of the society is highly valued by Toyota when they are engaging in business with suppliers and customers. This will strengthen the community of the country which is involved. a) Identify the types wastes in both primary and support processes The processes Associated Wastes Primary Processes Inbound logistics Operations Out bound logistics Marketing and sales Services Support Activities Procurement Technology development Human resource management Motion Processing Transportation Inventory Waiting time Motion Defects Waiting time Transportation Inventory Transportation Inventory Defects Inventory Motion Processing Transportation Inventory Transportation Defects Inventory Processing Waiting time Processing Motion. Over production When demand reduces overproduction creates a huge problem with unsold stocks and wasted by products which include material handling inventory space, interest charges, machinery and equipment, and overhead expenses and costs. Manufacturing should be limited to only the adequate quantity with a quality standard, low cost and correct time Waiting time This is created due to worker idleness or due to employees who spend time not knowing the way to avoid the malfunctioning of the machines. When the work is specified for an assembly line the speed and volume of the work can be monitored. To reduce the waiting time only the machines and people that are needed to do the work itself can be hired. Transportation This occurs due to poor layout of the factory, basically within the assembly floor or storage facilities, which lead to over handling of goods. Long supplier lines will increase the transportation costs, while making higher fuel prices. Processing Using best practices to ensure the machinery and fixtures are undergoing regular maintenance. Inventory Stocks can be an excess charge to the company unless it is organized well. It has to be minimized to achieve higher level of standards in production. The things that should be avoided to removing unintentional inventory are Unavoidable and unreliable supply, forecasting errors, poor accuracy is the things that should be avoided to eliminate unintentional inventory. Motion This is the time spent without adding value to the product or the process. Even though there is a movement it does not indicate that the work is accomplished through it. The carefully planned layout and fixture selection can be used to eliminate this. Defects The company may lose customer satisfaction and demand for products if there is a defect of products it may reason for waiting time, material costs, labour costs in the long run. b) The danger signals of each waste Type of Waste The danger signals Faults or Defects Exceed the target production/Overproduction Stocks/ Inventories Over- Processing Human motion Transportation and Handling Waiting Confusion Unsafe or un-ergonomic Underutilized human potential Errors in Data entry errors at the office level activities Toyota company Errors on ordering and invoicing Error that can be gone to the assembly line that can be identified or corrected Change engineering orders Employee turnover Absenteeism Design flows Processing an order before it is needed. Any processes done base on routine with unpredictable demand. Producing products in advance they are needed. Any procedure of batch processing Generating processes for avoiding errors than depends on inspection Entering data into system several times by mistake Creating extra copies of unnecessary folders and providing un useful reports. Walking around production floor Walking around departments Inventories Movement Unnecessary attachments to the unpackaged to be delivered Distributing unwanted stocks to the people that are not needing them Reducing work speed because of the slow machinery. Waiting for approvals Waiting for customer and supplier information Waiting for confirmation from the management Missed data, any objectives, concepts that may reason the employees uncertainty as to what have to be done. The issues that may reasons the employees with health conditions such as back pain eye fatigue etc. This will reason because of the repetitive work they are involved in. Escaping the employees in taking regular decisions. They restrict the authority responsibility. Paying high amount of salary wages on routine tasks where their expertise is hidden in some other area. Business tools and Employees assigned work are not measured. Employees Not trusting the to perform jidoka which is to stop work to fix a problem. Employees not trusting to be clean and tiding up their work area. Employees not trusting the work for the continuous improvement. c) How Toyota Company respond to the danger signals To escape the danger signals in over production By using a sell one buy one method The Company can change their order replacement of repetitive stock. The Toyota planned Order cut-off times for delivery. When finished this process of order then selected filled and distributed. While improving performance of the delivery, smoothing demand increase significantly demands of the supplier and efficiency. By Eliminating or taking out the created demand the Toyota can cut its inventory and improve productivity. If they have surplus of the production The Toyota store, manage and protect them as inventory. As the key response of the worker have to think next step of the process as his/her own customer and provide the required quantity with excellence of quality at the lowest price and right time. To escape the danger signals in waiting The Toyota synchronize the production and distribution process with the cut-off time therefore distributors can avoid having their delivery of products or raw materials delayed cost and waiting for the next delivery by their logistics subordinate. Complete the volume of work required the capability- both speed and volume of each task can be inspected. This helps to utilise the machinery and people that wanted to minimize the method meeting the manufacturing the demands. To escape the danger signals in Transportation The system in Toyota and logistics of JIT minimized variation of demand significantly. In terms of minimization the waste have to be done in the areas of coordination of progress, layout and other general operations. To escape the danger signals in motion By carefully scheduled layout and the matched selection can eliminate this type of wastes. To escape the danger signals in inventory Inventory can be reduced to monthly supply by establishing small quantity of orders through the supply chain maintain at different order levels. The reacts to the wastes of inventory, Disposal of out-dated materials Produce the number of items required by the succeeding process Purchase the materials of required amount. Can achieve savings by volume discounts but must careful with inventory and storage cost. Produce only required quantity to achieve the most appropriate quantity, set up the measuring and measure set up and exchanges the inventory and carrying costs. To escape the danger signals in Product defects A comprehensive system should be established to reduce defect waste of products, therefore employees can get prior knowledge to recognize the defects and they can take prevention actions immediately. To escape the danger signals in processing The philosophies of design should be taken into consideration and should be employed for manufacturing. Before the production begins the processing should be reduced or removed. . Conclusion At the end this report says that The Toyota Company is succeeding their prospective through Lean Manufacturing. This Achievement is not happen coincidence but it continuing progress throughout the Lean Management and Waste Management. The employees those one of primary resources of the Toyota contribute for organizational Success. Understanding of Toyota Production System and achieving organizational gaols is very difficult to any company though it is possible to follow the Toyota Production System. The Toyota has a desire as the first organization which introduced Lean Manufacturing that eliminates wastes at any level of production process. At present many companies are following Toyota Production System and establishing Lean Manufacturing to their organizational system. They have increased the efficiency of work processes. The understanding and the application of Toyota Production System is essential stage of value chain is important.